The nutritional quality of the red mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis), harvested at two reserves in the Guayas estuary.

Crabs are an outstanding source of many essential nutrients. Little research has been performed on the nutritional quality of the red mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis). In this research we investigated the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, amino acid composition, and mineral concentrations of red mangrove crabs sampled at two reserves within the Guayas estuary in Ecuador. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of spatial variation. We found that the red mangrove is a good source of nutrition for a balanced diet and can contribute to the recommended intake of essential nutrients. Also, the red mangrove crab obtained better lipid nutritional quality indices compared to other shellfish species, apart from the EPA + DHA index values. Current research indicated that the final nutritional quality indices of the red crab were not influenced by harvest site. More research into the influence of environmental and ecological factors on the nutritional composition of crabs is suggested.

Health risk-benefit assessment of the commercial red mangrove crab: Implications for a cultural delicacy.

Mangrove forests, provide vital food resources and are an endangered ecosystem worldwide due to pollution and habitat destruction. A risk-benefit assessment (RBA) was performed on the red mangrove crab (Ucides occidentalis) from the threatened Guayas mangroves in Ecuador. It was aimed to assess the combined potential adverse and beneficial health impact associated with crab consumption and define a recommended safe intake (SI) to improve the diet of the Ecuadoran population while ensuring safe food intake. Target hazard quotients (THQs), benefit quotients (Qs), and benefit-risk quotients (BRQs) were calculated based on the concentrations of the analyzed contaminants (121 pesticide residues, 11 metal(loid)s, antimicrobial drugs from 3 classes) and nutrients (fatty acids, amino acids, and essential nutrients). Except for inorganic arsenic (iAs), the THQ was below 100 for all investigated contaminants, suggesting that the average crab consumer is exposed to levels that do not impose negative non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic health effects in the long and/or short term. Concentrations of iAs (average AsIII: 25.64 and AsV: 6.28 µg/kg fw) were of the highest concern because of the potential to cause negative health effects on long-term consumption. Despite the thriving aquaculture in the Guayas estuary, concentrations of residues of the antimicrobial drugs oxytetracycline (OTC), florfenicol, and nitrofurans still were low. Based on the fact that different risk reference values exist, related to different safety levels, four SI values (0.002, 0.04, 4, and 18 crabs/day) were obtained. The strictest intake values indicate a concern for current consumption habits. In conclusion, the red mangrove crab contains various important nutrients and can be part of a balanced diet for the Ecuadorian population when consumed in limited portions. The present study emphasizes the importance of safeguarding the quality of the environment as a prerequisite for procuring nutritious and safe food.

Brazilian Semi-Arid Mangroves-Associated Microbiome as Pools of Richness and Complexity in a Changing World.

Mangrove microbiomes play an essential role in the fate of mangroves in our changing planet, but the factors regulating the biogeographical distribution of mangrove microbial communities remain essentially vague. This paper contributes to our understanding of mangrove microbiomes distributed along three biogeographical provinces and ecoregions, covering the exuberant mangroves of Amazonia ecoregion (North Brazil Shelf) as well as mangroves located in the southern limit of distribution (Southeastern ecoregion, Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic) and mangroves localized on the drier semi-arid coast (Northeastern ecoregion, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic), two important ecotones where poleward and landward shifts, respectively, are expected to occur related to climate change. This study compared the microbiomes associated with the conspicuous red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) root soils encompassing soil properties, latitudinal factors, and amplicon sequence variants of 105 samples. We demonstrated that, although the northern and southern sites are over 4,000 km apart, and despite R. mangle genetic divergences between north and south populations, their microbiomes resemble each other more than the northern and northeastern neighbors. In addition, the northeastern semi-arid microbiomes were more diverse and displayed a higher level of complexity than the northern and southern ones. This finding may reflect the endurance of the northeast microbial communities tailored to deal with the stressful conditions of semi-aridity and may play a role in the resistance and growing landward expansion observed in such mangroves. Minimum temperature, precipitation, organic carbon, and potential evapotranspiration were the main microbiota variation drivers and should be considered in mangrove conservation and recovery strategies in the Anthropocene. In the face of changes in climate, land cover, biodiversity, and chemical composition, the richness and complexity harbored by semi-arid mangrove microbiomes may hold the key to mangrove adaptability in our changing planet.

Biochemical Characterization and Allosteric Modulation by Magnesium of (Na+, K+)-ATPase Activity in the Gills of the Red Mangrove Crab Goniopsis cruentata (Brachyura, Grapsidae).

We provide a kinetic characterization of (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity in a posterior gill microsomal fraction from the grapsid crab Goniopsis cruentata. (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity constitutes 95% of total ATPase activity, and sucrose density centrifugation reveals an ATPase activity peak between 25 and 35% sucrose, distributed into two, partially separated protein fractions. The (Na+, K+)-ATPase α-subunit is localized throughout the ionocyte cytoplasm and has an Mr of ≈ 10 kDa and hydrolyzes ATP obeying cooperative kinetics. Low (VM = 186.0 ± 9.3 nmol Pi min-1 mg-1 protein and K0.5 = 0.085 ± 0.004 mmol L-1) and high (VM = 153.4 ± 7.7 nmol Pi min-1 mg-1 protein and K0.5 = 0.013 ± 0.0006 mmol L-1) affinity ATP binding sites were characterized. At low ATP concentrations, excess Mg2+ stimulates the enzyme, triggering exposure of a high-affinity binding site that accounts for 50% of (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity. Stimulation by Mg2+ (VM = 425.9 ± 25.5 nmol Pi min-1 mg-1 protein, K0.5 = 0.16 ± 0.01 mmol L-1), K+ (VM = 485.3 ± 24.3 nmol Pi min-1 mg-1 protein, K0.5 = 0.9 ± 0.05 mmol L-1), Na+ (VM = 425.0 ± 23.4 nmol Pi min-1 mg-1 protein, K0.5 = 5.1 ± 0.3 mmol L-1) and NH4+ (VM = 497.9 ± 24.9 nmol Pi min-1 mg-1 protein, K0.5 = 9.7 ± 0.5 mmol L-1) obeys cooperative kinetics. Ouabain inhibits up to 95% of ATPase activity with KI = 196.6 ± 9.8 µmol L-1. This first kinetic characterization of the gill (Na+, K+)-ATPase in Goniopsis cruentata enables better comprehension of the biochemical underpinnings of osmoregulatory ability in this semi-terrestrial mangrove crab.

Phytochemical composition and chronic hypoglycemic effect of Rhizophora mangle cortex on STZ-NA-induced diabetic rats

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in Mexico, as it is in other countries, is a chronic condition that develops when the body cannot produce enough insulin or cannot use it appropriately. Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance lead to high blood glucose levels. In Mexico, people with diabetes are known to use the decoction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L., Rhizophoraceae) bark to control blood glucose levels. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate the chronic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of R. mangle; we also elucidate some of the major phytochemical compounds of R. mangle. To analyze the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, we used rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced hyperglycemia; the rats were classified into four groups (six rats each), based on the treatment given, as follows: group 1, non-hyperglycemic control; group 2, hyperglycemic control; group 3, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight); and group 4, Rhizophora ethanol-water extract (90 mg/kg). The extract or glibenclamide was orally administered, dissolved in 1.5 ml of physiological NaCl-solution, twice a day (in the morning and in the evening) over a period of 42 days. The methanolic extract was used to elucidate the main compounds present in R. mangle via conventional phytochemical methods, such as TLC, HLPC, UPLC-DAD-MS, and NMR. The following compounds were detected: cinchonains Ia and Ib, catechin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside, epicatechin, lyoniside, and nudiposide. The daily administration of Rhizophora ethanol-water extract, similar to the traditional usage to control type 2 diabetes, was shown to exert chronic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. This effect may be associated whit the constituents in the extract. These findings suggest that R. mangle and its constituents could be potentially used to treat type 2 diabetes.

Propágulos de Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) barrenados por Coccotrypes rhizophorae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en el manglar de Tumilco, Veracruz, México / Propagules of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) bored by Coccotrypes rhizophorae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Tumilco mangrove, Veracruz, México

Resumen: Los propágulos de las especies de manglar presentan una particular estrategia de superviviencia y dispersión. Desafortunadamente algunos reportes han afirmado que los propágulos de Rhizophora mangle son frecuentemente atacados por coleópteros y lepidópteros antes y después de su período de dispersión. El escarabajo Coccotrypes rhizophorae es un parásito obligado que puede causar la mortalidad de propágulos y plántulas de R. mangle, moldeando la estructura de sus poblaciones. Debido a la importancia de esta especie de mangle, su sobrevivencia y el aumento del impacto humano en la zona, este trabajo evaluó la presencia de propágulos barrenados por C. rhizophorae en el manglar de Tumilco, en el estado de Veracruz, México. Para esto, se establecieron tres zonas de muestreo: 1) manglar de R. mangle, 2) zona más impactada al borde de un camino de terracería con R. mangle y A. germinans, y 3) borde con Typha latifolia y R. mangle; en cada área, tres parcelas aleatorias de 25x25 m fueron analizadas. Se registró el número de propágulos barrenados por zona cada 15 días durante un año de muestreo (n= 567) de enero a diciembre 2012. También observamos el área dañada del propágulo (basal, medio, apical) y los propágulos barrenados vivos y muertos por temporada y los resultados para diferentes temporadas en el área: lluvias, nortes y secas. Los insectos fueron identificados por un experto. Nuestros resultados muestran un incremento en el número de propágulos barrenados durante la temporada de secas, principalmente en la zona 2 y 3. La supervivencia de los propágulos barrenados fue mayor cuando se presentó la perforación en el área basal, y durante la temporada de secas y nortes. En particular, la zona de estudio 2 presentó mayor número de propágulos vivos cuando el daño se encontró en el área basal del propágulo. En las tres zonas hubo mayor mortalidad cuando el daño fue apical. La zona 1 y 3 presentaron mayor supervivencia de propágulos durante las secas, mientras que en la zona 2 la supervivencia fue mayor durante la temporada de lluvias y nortes. El número de propágulos disminuyó conforme los niveles de inundación aumentaron. Los resultados muestran que C. rhizophorae tiene una amplia distribución en el manglar de Tumilco, pero la mortalidad de los propágulos de R. mangle está infuenciada por el área dañada, por la temporada del año y por las características de la zona en donde se encuentre la infestación. Se requieren estudios para evaluar la forma en que la mortalidad de los propágulos afecta la estructura poblacional de R. mangle.

Abstract: Mangrove species propagules represent a particular survival and dispersal strategy. Unfortunately, some reports have stated that Rhizophora mangle propagules are frequently attacked by Coleoptera and Lepidoptera before and after their dispersion period. The beetle species Coccotrypes rhizophorae is an obligate parasite that can cause mortality in propagules and seedlings of R. mangle, and may modify the structure of its populations. Because of the importance on this mangrove species, survival and increasing human impacts in the area, this study evaluated the presence of propagules with C. rhizophorae boring evidence in the Tumilco mangrove, in Veracruz State, Mexico. For this, three sampling areas were established: 1) mangrove core of R. mangle, 2) most impacted edge of an unpaved road with R. mangle and A. germinans, and 3) edge with Typha latifolia and R. mangle; in each area, three 25x25 m random plots were analyzed. The number of bored propagules per site was recorded every 15 days over a sampling period of one year (n= 567) from January to December 2012. We also observed the damaged part of the propagule (basal, central, apical) and the number of live and dead bored propagules per season, and compared results for different seasons in the area: rainy, cold northerly fronts or "norte" and dry. Insects were identified by an expert. Our results showed that a higher number of bored propagules was observed during the dry season, mainly in zones 2 and 3. Survival of bored propagules was higher when the perforation occurred in the basal part of the plant, and during the dry and norte seasons. Study zone 2 in particular presented a higher number of live propagules when the damage occurred in the basal part of the propagule. In all three zones, mortality was higher when the damage was apical. Zones 1 and 3 presented higher propagule survival during the dry season, while survival in zone 2 was higher during the rainy and norte seasons. The number of propagules decreased with rising flooding levels. The results showed that C. rhizophorae has a wide distribution in the Tumilco mangrove, but the mortality of R. mangle propagules is influenced by the part of the propagule that suffers damage, as well as by the season of the year and the characteristics of the area in which the infestation occurs. Futher studies are required to evaluate the impact of propagule mortality on the population structure of R. mangle. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1120-1128. Epub 2017 September 01.

Postglacial expansion pathways of red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, in the Caribbean Basin and Florida.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was a period of massive range contraction. Post-LGM, water-dispersed coastal species, including the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), expanded poleward as propagules were transported by ocean currents. We assessed postglacial marine expansion pathways for R. mangle within the Caribbean Basin and Florida. METHODS: Six microsatellite loci were used to genotype 237 individuals from nine R. mangle populations in the Caribbean, Florida, and Northwest Africa. We evaluated genetic variation, population structure, gene flow along alternative post-LGM expansion pathways to Florida, and potential long-distance dispersal (LDD) from West Africa to Caribbean islands. KEY RESULTS: These R. mangle populations had substantial genetic structure (FST = 0.37, P < 0.0001) with three discrete population clusters (Caribbean mainland, Caribbean islands, and Florida). Genetic connectivity along the mainland pathway (Caribbean mainland to Florida) vs. limited gene dispersal along the Antilles Island pathway (Caribbean islands to Florida) supported Florida recolonization from Caribbean mainland sources. Genetic similarity of Northwest Africa and two Caribbean islands provided evidence for trans-Atlantic LDD. We did not find a pattern of decreasing genetic diversity with latitude. CONCLUSIONS: We outline a complex expansion history for R. mangle, with discrete pathways of recolonization for Florida and Caribbean islands. Contrary to expectation, connectivity to putative Caribbean mainland refugial populations via ocean currents, and not latitude, appears to dictate genetic diversity within Caribbean island and Florida R. mangle. These findings provide a framework for further investigation of additional water-dispersed neotropical species, and insights for management initiatives.

Estructura comunitaria de bivalvos y gasterópodos en raíces del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en isla Larga, bahía de Mochima, Venezuela / Community structure of bivalves and gastropods in roots of red mangrove Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) in isla Larga, Mochima Bay, Venezuela

The Rhizophora mangle roots form a complex ecosystem where a wide range of organisms are permanently established, reproduce, and find refuge. In this study, we assessed the diversity of bivalves and gastropods that inhabit red mangrove roots, in isla Larga, Mochima, Venezuela Sucre state. Bimonthly collections were made from January 2007 to May 2008, in four study areas denominated: South, North, East and West. In each area, five mangrove roots were sampled, and the specimens were obtained. We analyzed a total of 180 roots and a total of 35 bivalve species and 25 gastropod species were found. The most abundant bivalves were: Isognomon alatus, Isognomon bicolor, Ostrea equestris, Crassostrea rhizophorae and Brachidontes exustus; among gastropods, the most common where: Littorina angulifera, Cymatium pileare and Diodora cayenensis. The months with the highest abundances and number of individuals for both groups were January and July 2007, and March 2008. The mangrove ecosystem in isla Larga, presented a number of individuals and species higher than those reported for other regions in Venezuela and the Caribbean. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 551-565. Epub 2014 June 01.

Las raíces del mangle rojo forman un complejo ecosistema donde se reproducen, refugian y establecen de manera permanente una gran diversidad de organismos. En este estudio, se evaluó la diversidad de bivalvos y gasterópodos que habitan las raíces del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle, en isla Larga, Bahía de Mochima, estado Sucre Venezuela. Se realizaron recolectas bimensuales desde enero 2007 hasta mayo 2008, en cuatro zonas de estudio denominadas: zona sur, norte, este y oeste. En cada zona se muestrearon cinco raíces de mangle, de donde se obtuvieron los especímenes. Se analizaron un total 180 raíces y se contabilizaron 35 especies de bivalvos y 25 de gasterópodos. Los bivalvos más abundantes fueron: Isognomon alatus, Isognomon bicolor, Ostrea equestris, Crassostrea rhizophorae y Brachidontes exustus, mientras que los gasterópodos más frecuentes: Littorina angulifera, Cymatium pileare y Diodora cayenensis. Los meses donde se observaron las mayores abundancias de especies y número de individuos fueron enero y julio 2007 y marzo 2008. El ecosistema de manglar en isla Larga, presentó un número de individuos y especies superior al reportado en otros trabajos realizados en Venezuela y otras regiones del Caribe.

Matching pollution with adaptive changes in mangrove plants by multivariate statistics. A case study, Rhizophora mangle from four neotropical mangroves in Brazil.

Roots of mangrove trees have an important role in depurating water and sediments by retaining metals that may accumulate in different plant tissues, affecting physiological processes and anatomy. The present study aimed to evaluate adaptive changes in root of Rhizophora mangle in response to different levels of chemical elements (metals/metalloids) in interstitial water and sediments from four neotropical mangroves in Brazil. What sets this study apart from other studies is that we not only investigate adaptive modifications in R. mangle but also changes in environments where this plant grows, evaluating correspondence between physical, chemical and biological issues by a combined set of multivariate statistical methods (pattern recognition). Thus, we looked to match changes in the environment with adaptations in plants. Multivariate statistics highlighted that the lignified periderm and the air gaps are directly related to the environmental contamination. Current results provide new evidences of root anatomical strategies to deal with contaminated environments. Multivariate statistics greatly contributes to extrapolate results from complex data matrixes obtained when analyzing environmental issues, pointing out parameters involved in environmental changes and also evidencing the adaptive response of the exposed biota.

Estabilidad en anaquel de un gel de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo) para heridas y quemaduras / Long-term stability of a Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) gel for wounds and burns

Objetivo: evaluar la estabilidad en anaquel de un gel elaborado a partir del extracto acuoso de la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo).Métodos: los tres lotes pilotos del gel (GM01, GM02 y GM03) se almacenaron a temperatura de refrigeración (5 ± 3 °C) durante 12 meses. Se realizó una evaluación físico-química y microbiológica a tiempo inicial y a los 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses.Resultados: todos los lotes mantuvieron una apariencia de geles homogéneos, viscosos, libres de grumo, brillantes y de un color pardo-rojizo oscuro y mostraron amplias áreas de extensibilidad. El pH estuvo entre 6 y 7 y la reología fue característica de un fluido no newtoniano del tipo Herschel Bulkley con potencial modificado en todos los tiempos evaluados. Los tres lotes cumplieron el límite microbiano establecido, así como la concentración mínima inhibitoria que estuvo entre 8 y 10 mg/mL y la concentración de taninos entre 13 a 30 mg/g.Conclusiones: se demostró que todos los lotes del gel fueron estables durante el período de estabilidad en anaquel, por lo que se propone que se almacene de 2-8 ºC durante 1 año

Estabilidad en anaquel de un gel de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo) para heridas y quemaduras / Long-term stability of a Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) gel for wounds and burns

Objetivo: evaluar la estabilidad en anaquel de un gel elaborado a partir del extracto acuoso de la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo).Métodos: los tres lotes pilotos del gel (GM01, GM02 y GM03) se almacenaron a temperatura de refrigeración (5 ± 3 °C) durante 12 meses. Se realizó una evaluación físico-química y microbiológica a tiempo inicial y a los 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses.Resultados: todos los lotes mantuvieron una apariencia de geles homogéneos, viscosos, libres de grumo, brillantes y de un color pardo-rojizo oscuro y mostraron amplias áreas de extensibilidad. El pH estuvo entre 6 y 7 y la reología fue característica de un fluido no newtoniano del tipo Herschel Bulkley con potencial modificado en todos los tiempos evaluados. Los tres lotes cumplieron el límite microbiano establecido, así como la concentración mínima inhibitoria que estuvo entre 8 y 10 mg/mL y la concentración de taninos entre 13 a 30 mg/g.Conclusiones: se demostró que todos los lotes del gel fueron estables durante el período de estabilidad en anaquel, por lo que se propone que se almacene de 2-8 ºC durante 1 año(AU)

Cinética de lixiviación de la corteza de mangle rojo en agua / Leaching kinetics of the red mangrove bark in water

Objetivo: determinar la naturaleza del fenómeno que rige la transferencia de masa durante la lixiviación del mangle rojo en agua mediante el estudio de la cinética del proceso. Métodos: se estudió la cinética de lixiviación de la corteza de mangle rojo en agua a escala de laboratorio, en una relación sólido/líquido 1:4 a diferentes temperaturas (25, 45, 70 y 90 °C). Para cada temperatura en particular se determinó la constante cinética a partir de la ecuación fundamental de la lixiviación mediante un modelo ajustado empleando el programa estadístico CurveExpert 1.4 para Windows. Resultados: los valores de la concentración de sólidos solubles totales correspondientes a 25 y 45 °C presentaron un incremento apreciable durante los primeros 20 min, y los correspondientes a 70 y 90 °C lo alcanzaron a los 30 min. El valor de la energía de activación obtenida en el experimento correspondió a 2,884 kJ. Conclusiones: la naturaleza de la lixiviación de la corteza de mangle rojo se produce por vía física.

Objective: to determine the type of phenomenon ruling the mass transfer during leaching of red mangrove in water by studying the kinetics of this process. Methods: the kinetics of leaching of red mangrove bark into water at lab was studied in a solid/liquid ratio of 1:4 at different temperatures (25, 45, 70 and 90 ºC). For each temperature, the kinetic constant was estimated from the fundamental leaching equation by a fitted model using the statistical program CurveExpert 1.4 for Windows. Results: the total soluble solid concentration values showed a sizeable increase at 25 and 45 °C in the first 20 minutes and at 70 and 90 °C in 30 minutes. The activation energy in the experiment amounted to 2.884 kJ. Conclusions: the leaching of the red mangrove bark is of physical origin.

Cinética de lixiviación de la corteza de mangle rojo en agua / Leaching kinetics of the red mangrove bark in water

Objetivo: determinar la naturaleza del fenómeno que rige la transferencia de masa durante la lixiviación del mangle rojo en agua mediante el estudio de la cinética del proceso. Métodos: se estudió la cinética de lixiviación de la corteza de mangle rojo en agua a escala de laboratorio, en una relación sólido/líquido 1:4 a diferentes temperaturas (25, 45, 70 y 90 °C). Para cada temperatura en particular se determinó la constante cinética a partir de la ecuación fundamental de la lixiviación mediante un modelo ajustado empleando el programa estadístico CurveExpert 1.4 para Windows. Resultados: los valores de la concentración de sólidos solubles totales correspondientes a 25 y 45 °C presentaron un incremento apreciable durante los primeros 20 min, y los correspondientes a 70 y 90 °C lo alcanzaron a los 30 min. El valor de la energía de activación obtenida en el experimento correspondió a 2,884 kJ. Conclusiones: la naturaleza de la lixiviación de la corteza de mangle rojo se produce por vía física.(AU)

Objective: to determine the type of phenomenon ruling the mass transfer during leaching of red mangrove in water by studying the kinetics of this process. Methods: the kinetics of leaching of red mangrove bark into water at lab was studied in a solid/liquid ratio of 1:4 at different temperatures (25, 45, 70 and 90 ºC). For each temperature, the kinetic constant was estimated from the fundamental leaching equation by a fitted model using the statistical program CurveExpert 1.4 for Windows. Results: the total soluble solid concentration values showed a sizeable increase at 25 and 45 °C in the first 20 minutes and at 70 and 90 °C in 30 minutes. The activation energy in the experiment amounted to 2.884 kJ. Conclusions: the leaching of the red mangrove bark is of physical origin.(AU)

Descontaminación del ingrediente farmacéutico activo de Rhizophora mangle L mediante radiaciones ionizantes / Decontamination of active ingredient from Rhizophora mangle L by ionizing radiation

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la dosis de radiación gamma eficaz para descontaminar el extracto seco de corteza de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo). Se obtuvieron 3 lotes de este ingrediente farmacéutico activo secado en un Spray dryer y se irradiaron en una instalación Gammacell-500 con una tasa de dosis de 6,26 kGy/h, evaluando 3 dosis (3, 5 y 8 kGy). El control del proceso de irradiación se realizó empleando dosímetros de sulfato cérico. Se determinó el límite microbiano y el contenido de taninos de cada lote del ingrediente farmacéutico activo irradiado a las diferentes dosis probadas. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se alcanzó una reducción de 2 ciclos de desarrollo logarítmico de los lotes irradiados a las dosis de 5 y 8 kGy, con respecto a la carga contaminante inicial y la concentración de taninos de los lotes irradiados a diferentes dosis se mantuvo dentro de los límites de especificación, sin diferir respecto al producto no tratado. Se estableció 5 kGy como dosis de descontaminación del ingrediente farmacéutico activo seco de mangle rojo, de esta manera se logra garantizar un producto conforme para la obtención de nuevos preparados farmacéuticos

The objective of this study was to determine the effective Gamma ray radiation to decontaminate the soft extract from Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) bark. Three batches of this active ingredient, dried in a spray dryer and irradiated in a Gammacell-5000 equipment at a dose rate of 6.26 kgy/h, were obtained. Similarly, three doses (3, 5 and 8 kGy) were evaluated. The irradiating process was controlled by means of ceric sulphate dosimeters. The microbial limit and the content of tannins were determined for each batch of the active ingredient irradiated at the various tested doses. On the basis of the final results, there was reduction of two logarithmic development cycles of the irradiated batches at 5 and 8 kGy doses, when compared with the initial polluting load. The tannin concentration of irradiated batches was kept within the specified limits and no differences were found between the treated batches and the untreated product. The decontamination dose for the dried active ingredient from red mangrove was set at 5 kGy. In this way, it is possible to guarantee a suitable product for obtaining new pharmaceutical preparations

Estabilidad acelerada de un gel de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo) para heridas y quemaduras / Accelerated stability of a Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) gel for wounds and burns

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la estabilidad acelerada de un gel de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo) en dos condiciones de almacenamiento. Los 3 lotes pilotos producidos (GM01, GM02 y GM03) se almacenaron a dos temperaturas: 40 ± 2 °C durante 3 meses y 25 ± 2 °C durante 6 meses. Se realizó una evaluación de indicadores de estabilidad físico-química y microbiológica a tiempo 0, 1, 2 y 3 meses y a tiempo 0, 1, 2, 3 y 6 meses para cada una de las dos condiciones ensayadas respectivamente. Todos los lotes almacenados en ambas temperaturas mostraron estables las características organolépticas y la extensibilidad, el pH estuvo entre 6 y 7 y la reología confirmó un fluido no newtoniano del tipo Herschel Bulkley en los tiempos evaluados. La concentración mínima inhibitoria permaneció entre 8 y 10 mg/mL y la concentración de taninos entre 13 a 30 mg/g; todos los lotes se mantuvieron dentro del límite microbiano. El gel demostró tener buena estabilidad en condiciones aceleradas de temperatura, aspecto que es necesario confirmar en un próximo estudio de estabilidad en anaquel.

The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the accelerated stability of a Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) gel under 2 storage conditions. The three pilot batches (GM01, GM02 and GM03) were stored at two temperature settings: 40 ± 2 °C for three months and 25 ± 2 °C for 6 months. One physical-chemical and microbiological evaluation was performed in two periods of time: at the months 0, 1, 2 and 3 for the first and at the months 0, 1, 2, 3 y 6 for the second tested storage condition. All the batches stored at both temperatures showed stable organoleptic characteristics and extensibility, the pH ranged from 6 to 7 and rheology confirmed a non-Newtonian fluid of Herschel Bulkley-type in the evaluated periods of time. The minimum inhibitory concentration remained 8 to 10 mg/mL whereas the tannin concentration ranged 13 to 30 mg/g. All the batches were within the allowable microbial limits. The red mangrove gel showed good stability under accelerated temperatures, but this is an aspect that requires to be confirmed in a future on-shelf stability study.

Influencia de la preparación de la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L. en el proceso de extracción sólido-líquido / Effect of the Rhizophora mangle L. bark preparation on the process of solid-liquid extraction

Introducción: la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L., rica por su contenido de taninos, es la fuente de materia prima en la obtención de productos farmacéuticos desarrollados en el Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria. Para que los extractos obtenidos a partir de esta corteza tengan la calidad requerida, esta debe ser secada y molinada antes de pasar a la etapa de lixiviación. Objetivos: evaluar diferentes métodos de secado y diferentes tamaños de partículas sobre el rendimiento del extracto acuoso de la corteza de R. mangle. Métodos: se emplearon 3 métodos de secado (en estufa, al sol y a la sombra) y 2 tamaños promedios de partículas de la corteza de R. mangle para evaluar la calidad del extracto por determinación del contenido de sólidos solubles totales, taninos totales y actividad antimicrobiana in vitro. Para la comparación estadística de los resultados se utilizó el programa Statgraphycs. Resultados: se observó que el secado en estufa y al sol son los más recomendados para este fin, además se obtuvieron extractos con cortezas molinadas con diferentes tamaños promedios de partículas y no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la evaluación de estos. Conclusiones: los métodos de secado estudiados permitieron obtener buenos resultados en la evaluación de la corteza; con el secado en estufa seguido del secado al sol se lograron los menores tiempos de operación.

Introduction: Rhizophora mangle L. bark, rich in tannin content, is the source of raw material for pharmaceuticals manufactured at the National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA). For the extracts obtained from the bark to have the required quality, it is necessary that the bark be dried and grounded before lixiviation. Objectives: to evaluate different drying methods and several particle sizes on account of R. mangle aqueous extract yield. Methods: Three drying methods (oven, sun and shade) and 2 average bark particle sizes were used to evaluate the extract quality by determining the total soluble solid content, total tannins and in vitro antimicrobial activity. The Statgraphycs program was used to statistically compare the results. Results: it was observed that the oven drying and the sun drying were the most recommended methods; additionally, no significant differences were found in the extracts obtained from several average grounded bark particle sizes. Conclusions: the studied drying methods allowed achieving good results in the evaluation of the bark. The oven drying followed by the sun drying accounted for the shortest operating times.

Influencia de la preparación de la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L en el proceso de extracción sólido-líquido / Influencia de la preparación de la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L en el proceso de extracción sólido-líquido / Effect of the Rhizophora mangle L bark preparation on the process of solid-liquid extraction / Effect of the Rhizophora mangle L bark preparation on the process of solid-liquid extraction

Introducción: la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L, rica por su contenido de taninos, es la fuente de materia prima en la obtención de productos farmacéuticos desarrollados en el Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria. Para que los extractos obtenidos a partir de esta corteza tengan la calidad requerida, esta debe ser secada y molinada antes de pasar a la etapa de lixiviación. Objetivos: evaluar diferentes métodos de secado y diferentes tamaños de partículas sobre el rendimiento del extracto acuoso de la corteza de R mangle. Métodos: se emplearon 3 métodos de secado (en estufa, al sol y a la sombra) y 2 tamaños promedios de partículas de la corteza de R. mangle para evaluar la calidad del extracto por determinación del contenido de sólidos solubles totales, taninos totales y actividad antimicrobiana in vitro. Para la comparación estadística de los resultados se utilizó el programa Statgraphycs. Resultados: se observó que el secado en estufa y al sol son los más recomendados para este fin, además se obtuvieron extractos con cortezas molinadas con diferentes tamaños promedios de partículas y no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la evaluación de estos. Conclusiones: los métodos de secado estudiados permitieron obtener buenos resultados en la evaluación de la corteza; con el secado en estufa seguido del secado al sol se lograron los menores tiempos de operación(AU)

Introducción: la corteza de Rhizophora mangle L, rica por su contenido de taninos, es la fuente de materia prima en la obtención de productos farmacéuticos desarrollados en el Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria. Para que los extractos obtenidos a partir de esta corteza tengan la calidad requerida, esta debe ser secada y molinada antes de pasar a la etapa de lixiviación. Objetivos: evaluar diferentes métodos de secado y diferentes tamaños de partículas sobre el rendimiento del extracto acuoso de la corteza de R mangle. Métodos: se emplearon 3 métodos de secado (en estufa, al sol y a la sombra) y 2 tamaños promedios de partículas de la corteza de R. mangle para evaluar la calidad del extracto por determinación del contenido de sólidos solubles totales, taninos totales y actividad antimicrobiana in vitro. Para la comparación estadística de los resultados se utilizó el programa Statgraphycs. Resultados: se observó que el secado en estufa y al sol son los más recomendados para este fin, además se obtuvieron extractos con cortezas molinadas con diferentes tamaños promedios de partículas y no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la evaluación de estos. Conclusiones: los métodos de secado estudiados permitieron obtener buenos resultados en la evaluación de la corteza; con el secado en estufa seguido del secado al sol se lograron los menores tiempos de operación(AU)

Introduction: Rhizophora mangle L bark, rich in tannin content, is the source of raw material for pharmaceuticals manufactured at the National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA). For the extracts obtained from the bark to have the required quality, it is necessary that the bark be dried and grounded before lixiviation. Objectives: to evaluate different drying methods and several particle sizes on account of R mangle aqueous extract yield. Methods: Three drying methods (oven, sun and shade) and 2 average bark particle sizes were used to evaluate the extract quality by determining the total soluble solid content, total tannins and in vitro antimicrobial activity. The Statgraphycs program was used to statistically compare the results. Results: it was observed that the oven drying and the sun drying were the most recommended methods; additionally, no significant differences were found in the extracts obtained from several average grounded bark particle sizes. Conclusions: the studied drying methods allowed achieving good results in the evaluation of the bark. The oven drying followed by the sun drying accounted for the shortest operating times.(AU)

Introduction: Rhizophora mangle L bark, rich in tannin content, is the source of raw material for pharmaceuticals manufactured at the National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA). For the extracts obtained from the bark to have the required quality, it is necessary that the bark be dried and grounded before lixiviation. Objectives: to evaluate different drying methods and several particle sizes on account of R mangle aqueous extract yield. Methods: Three drying methods (oven, sun and shade) and 2 average bark particle sizes were used to evaluate the extract quality by determining the total soluble solid content, total tannins and in vitro antimicrobial activity. The Statgraphycs program was used to statistically compare the results. Results: it was observed that the oven drying and the sun drying were the most recommended methods; additionally, no significant differences were found in the extracts obtained from several average grounded bark particle sizes. Conclusions: the studied drying methods allowed achieving good results in the evaluation of the bark. The oven drying followed by the sun drying accounted for the shortest operating times.(AU)

Genotoxic assessment of aqueous extract of Rhizophora mangle L (mangle rojo) by spermatozoa head assay / Evaluación genotóxica del extracto acuoso de Rhizophora mangle L (mangle rojo) mediante el ensayo de la cabeza del espermatozoide

INTRODUCTION: the aqueous extract bark of Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) has traditionally been used in Cuban folk medicine due to its wide array of curative properties: astringent, haemostatic, febrifuge and antifungal. Previous chemical characterization studies of the liophylized aqueous extract bark, revealed that tannins are the main components, although the presence of other compounds such as epicatechin, catechin, clorogenic, gallic and ellagic acids, as well as galotannins have been also described. OBJECTIVE: this work was designed to determine if any components of the extracts has the ability to produce genotoxic effects in germ cells of Cenp:NMRI mouse models using the abnormal shape of spermatozoa test. METHODS: the lyophilized aqueous extract bark was given by oral gavages (500, 1000 and 2000 mg of total solids /kg bw) in three series of the classical protocol of Wyrobeck and Bruce, in intervals of 24 hrs for 5 days. RESULTS: in series I, the animals were sacrificed on day 4 after starting the administration. In series II the animals were sacrificed on day 21 while in series III the day of sacrificed was the 35th. CONCLUSIONS: no cytotoxic effect was observed in the 3 series and in all doses proved and only the highest dose of the extract in the series I provoked a slight genotoxic effect when increase the percentage in the number of abnormal spermatozoa.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el extracto acuoso de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo), se ha usado tradicionalmente en Cuba por su amplio espectro de propiedades curativas: como astringente, hemostático, febrífugo y antifúngico. Los estudios previos de caracterización química del extracto acuoso liofilizado de la corteza de la planta revelaron que los taninos son los componentes principales, aunque también se ha descrito la presencia de otros compuestos como las epicatequinas, el ácido clorogénico, ácido gálico y ácido elágico, así como galotaninos. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio fue diseñado para determinar si alguno de los componentes del extracto tiene la capacidad para producir efectos genotóxicos en células germinales de ratones Cenp:NMRI utilizando el ensayo de anormalidades de la cabeza del espermatozoide. MÉTODOS: el extracto liofilizado fue administrado por vía oral (500, 1 000 y 2 000 mg de material vegetal/kg) en 3 series del protocolo clásico de Wyrobeck y Bruce, en intervalos de 24 h por 5 d consecutivos. RESULTADOS: en la serie I los animales fueron sacrificados el dia 4 después de iniciada la administración. En la serie II los animales fueron sacrificados el día 21, mientras que en la serie III fueron sacrificados el día 35. CONCLUSIONES: no se observó efecto citotóxico en las 3 series y en todas las dosis probadas, y solamente la dosis mayor del extracto en la serie I provocó un ligero efecto genotóxico al incrementar el porcentaje de espermatozoides anormales.

Genotoxic assessment of aqueous extract of Rhizophora mangle L (mangle rojo) by spermatozoa head assay / Evaluación genotóxica del extracto acuoso de Rhizophora mangle L (mangle rojo) mediante el ensayo de la cabeza del espermatozoide

INTRODUCTION: the aqueous extract bark of Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove) has traditionally been used in Cuban folk medicine due to its wide array of curative properties: astringent, haemostatic, febrifuge and antifungal. Previous chemical characterization studies of the liophylized aqueous extract bark, revealed that tannins are the main components, although the presence of other compounds such as epicatechin, catechin, clorogenic, gallic and ellagic acids, as well as galotannins have been also described. OBJECTIVE: this work was designed to determine if any components of the extracts has the ability to produce genotoxic effects in germ cells of Cenp:NMRI mouse models using the abnormal shape of spermatozoa test. METHODS: the lyophilized aqueous extract bark was given by oral gavages (500, 1000 and 2000 mg of total solids /kg bw) in three series of the classical protocol of Wyrobeck and Bruce, in intervals of 24 hrs for 5 days. RESULTS: in series I, the animals were sacrificed on day 4 after starting the administration. In series II the animals were sacrificed on day 21 while in series III the day of sacrificed was the 35th. CONCLUSIONS: no cytotoxic effect was observed in the 3 series and in all doses proved and only the highest dose of the extract in the series I provoked a slight genotoxic effect when increase the percentage in the number of abnormal spermatozoa(AU)

INTRODUCCIÓN: el extracto acuoso de Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo), se ha usado tradicionalmente en Cuba por su amplio espectro de propiedades curativas: como astringente, hemostático, febrífugo y antifúngico. Los estudios previos de caracterización química del extracto acuoso liofilizado de la corteza de la planta revelaron que los taninos son los componentes principales, aunque también se ha descrito la presencia de otros compuestos como las epicatequinas, el ácido clorogénico, ácido gálico y ácido elágico, así como galotaninos. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio fue diseñado para determinar si alguno de los componentes del extracto tiene la capacidad para producir efectos genotóxicos en células germinales de ratones Cenp:NMRI utilizando el ensayo de anormalidades de la cabeza del espermatozoide. MÉTODOS: el extracto liofilizado fue administrado por vía oral (500, 1 000 y 2 000 mg de material vegetal/kg) en 3 series del protocolo clásico de Wyrobeck y Bruce, en intervalos de 24 h por 5 d consecutivos. RESULTADOS: en la serie I los animales fueron sacrificados el dia 4 después de iniciada la administración. En la serie II los animales fueron sacrificados el día 21, mientras que en la serie III fueron sacrificados el día 35. CONCLUSIONES: no se observó efecto citotóxico en las 3 series y en todas las dosis probadas, y solamente la dosis mayor del extracto en la serie I provocó un ligero efecto genotóxico al incrementar el porcentaje de espermatozoides anormales(AU)